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A complex system is a system that exhibits some (and possibly all) of the following characteristics: * feedback loops; * some degree of spontaneous order; * robustness of the order; * emergent organization; * numerosity; * hierarchical organization. Examples of complex systems are Earth's global climate, the human brain, social organization, an ecosystem, a living cell, and ultimately the entire universe. ==History== Although it is arguable that humans have been studying complex systems for thousands of years, the modern scientific study of complex systems is relatively young in comparison to conventional fields of science with simple system assumptions, such as physics and chemistry. The history of the scientific study of these systems follows several different research trends. In the area of mathematics, arguably the largest contribution to the study of complex systems was the discovery of chaos in deterministic systems, a feature of certain dynamical systems that is strongly related to nonlinearity.〔(History of Complex Systems )〕 The study of neural networks was also integral in advancing the mathematics needed to study complex systems. The notion of self-organizing systems is tied up to work in nonequilibrium thermodynamics, including that pioneered by chemist and Nobel laureate Ilya Prigogine in his study of dissipative structures. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「complex system」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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